ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association of hypernatremia with the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct until October 2021 and found a total of 131 papers. With meticulous screening finally, 17 papers met the inclusion criteria. COVID-19 patients with sodium levels greater than the reference level were the study population and the outcome of interest was the poor outcome; such as mortality, mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and prolonged hospital stay. The pooled estimate was calculated as the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: There were 19,032 patients with hypernatremia in the 17 studies included. An overall random effect meta-analysis showed that hypernatremia was associated with mortality (OR: 3.18 [1.61, 6.28], Pâ <â .0001, I2â =â 91.99%), prolong hospitalization (OR: 1.97 [1.37, 2.83], Pâ <â .001, I2â =â 0.00%) and Ventilation (OR: 5.40 [1.89, 15.42], Pâ <â .001, I2â =â 77.35%), ICU admission (OR: 3.99 [0.89, 17.78], Pâ =â .07, I2â =â 86.79%). Meta-regression analysis showed the association of age with the ICU outcome of hypernatremia patients. Whereas, other parameters like male, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus did not significantly influence the odds ratio. CONCLUSION: Hypernatremia was markedly associated with poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Hence, a blood ionogram is warranted and special attention must be given to hypernatremia COVID-19 patients.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Hypernatremia , Humans , Male , COVID-19/complications , Hypernatremia/epidemiology , Hypernatremia/therapy , Intensive Care Units , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Systematic Reviews as Topic , FemaleABSTRACT
Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association of hypernatremia with the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct until October 2021 and found a total of 131 papers. With meticulous screening finally, 17 papers met the inclusion criteria. COVID-19 patients with sodium levels greater than the reference level were the study population and the outcome of interest was the poor outcome;such as mortality, mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and prolonged hospital stay. The pooled estimate was calculated as the odds ratio (OR). Results: There were 19,032 patients with hypernatremia in the 17 studies included. An overall random effect meta-analysis showed that hypernatremia was associated with mortality (OR: 3.18 [1.61, 6.28], P < .0001, I2 = 91.99%), prolong hospitalization (OR: 1.97 [1.37, 2.83], P < .001, I2 = 0.00%) and Ventilation (OR: 5.40 [1.89, 15.42], P < .001, I2 = 77.35%), ICU admission (OR: 3.99 [0.89, 17.78], P = .07, I2 = 86.79%). Meta-regression analysis showed the association of age with the ICU outcome of hypernatremia patients. Whereas, other parameters like male, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus did not significantly influence the odds ratio. Conclusion: Hypernatremia was markedly associated with poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Hence, a blood ionogram is warranted and special attention must be given to hypernatremia COVID-19 patients.
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 was a major pandemic of the 21st century that flinched away every individual worldwide. The extensive impact of this rapidly spreading deadly virus doomed the health care systems with the unexpected wave wreaked havoc leading to a global health crisis. It has been a high burden on the functioning existing medical system, overloads health professionals, disruption of the medical supply chain. The economy of the nations has been at losses with a significant slowing down in revenue growth over the past 2 years. After taking its toll, drawing away other diseases including cholera. The three developing nations; India, Bangladesh and Nepal, are now at the verge of facing an outbreak of Cholera. It is not surprising to hear cholera in this nation but the fact that its negligence due to Covid-19 pandemic and monkeypox along with a crumbled health system due to the pandemic has made these nations vulnerable for health crisis. Along with this three nations, cholera has made its way to different parts of this globe and it is high time that attention must be drawn towards it as mismanagement could even cause life.